Friday, September 8, 2017

How to install tcsh or csh shell on a Debian or Ubuntu Linux ?

Cshell is a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax.

csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism , job control facilities , interactive file name and user name completion, and a C-like syntax. It is used both as an interactive login shell and a shell script command processor. tcsh is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell.

"tcsh" advantages

   - The ability to use multiline aliases and exec statements in a reliable and consistent way.                          (Hense "sh" scripts can be  re-written as tcsh scripts with aliases instead of functions.)
   - "tcsh" is the same on all machines.  For "csh" I typically  have to modify scripts for different machines.  [example: HP-UX  "set nonomatch" needs to be replaced by "set nonomatch = ()"] 
   - source code is freely available
   - PWD and other common environmental variables are always defined. With "csh" this depends on the machine.

In most cases csh / tcsh is installed by default. All you have to do is type shell name to start using it:

$ csh

OR
$ tcsh

Install csh / tcsh

In case csh is not installed, type the following command at shell prompt as per your Linux distro / version.

Install it on Debian/Ubuntu/Mint Linux

$ sudo apt-get install csh

Install it on CentOS/RHEL

# yum install tcsh

Install it on Fedora Linux

$ sudo dnf install tcsh
Set csh as default login shell
To make csh as default login shell, type the following command:
$ which tcsh
OR
$ which csh
Sample output:
/bin/csh
Note down the /bin/csh or /bin/tcsh path. To change the shell simply type
$ chsh
OR
$ chsh -s /bin/csh


Thursday, September 7, 2017

How do I display the list of loaded Linux Kernel modules or device drivers on Linux ?

You need to use lsmod program which show the status of loaded modules in the Linux Kernel. Linux kernel use a term modules for all hardware device drivers.Please note that lsmod is a trivial program which nicely formats the contents of the /proc/modules, showing what kernel modules are currently loaded.


Module Commands

There are a few commands that allow you to maniuplate the kernel. Each is quickly described below, for more information say `man [command]`.

  • depmod - handle dependency descriptions for loadable kernel modules.
  • insmod - install loadable kernel module.
  • lsmod - list loaded modules.
  • modinfo - display information about a kernel module.
  • modprobe - high level handling of loadable modules.
  • rmmod - unload loadable modules.

List or display loaded modules

Method 1: less /proc/modules

EXAMPLE:

ram@linuxforfreshers.com#less /proc/modules
uas 24576 0 - Live 0x0000000000000000
usb_storage 69632 1 uas, Live 0x0000000000000000
bridge 126976 0 - Live 0x0000000000000000
stp 16384 1 bridge, Live 0x0000000000000000
llc 16384 2 bridge,stp, Live 0x0000000000000000
xt_CHECKSUM 16384 3 - Live 0x0000000000000000
ipt_MASQUERADE 16384 9 - Live 0x0000000000000000
nf_nat_masquerade_ipv4 16384 1 ipt_MASQUERADE, Live 0x0000000000000000
ebtable_nat 16384 0 - Live 0x0000000000000000
ebtables 36864 1 ebtable_nat, Live 0x0000000000000000
nf_log_ipv4 16384 0 - Live 0x0000000000000000
nf_log_common 16384 1 nf_log_ipv4, Live 0x0000000000000000
xt_tcpudp 16384 13 - Live 0x0000000000000000
ip6table_mangle 16384 0 - Live 0x0000000000000000
iptable_nat 16384 1 - Live 0x0000000000000000
nf_conntrack_ipv4 16384 3 - Live 0x0000000000000000


Method 2: lsmod

Example:

ram@linuxforfreshers.com# lsmod  | tail -10
hid_generic            16384  0
usbhid                 49152  0
psmouse               126976  0
hid                   118784  2 hid_generic,usbhid
pata_acpi              16384  0
floppy                 73728  0
fjes                   28672  0
e1000e                233472  0
ptp                    20480  1 e1000e
pps_core               20480  1 ptp

Finding more info about any module or driver

Using Modinfo

Syntax: modinfo driver-Name-Here

Example:

ram@linuxforfreshers.com#modinfo e1000e
filename:       /lib/modules/4.4.0-59-generic/kernel/drivers/net/ethernet/intel/e1000e/e1000e.ko
version:        3.2.6-k
license:        GPL
description:    Intel(R) PRO/1000 Network Driver
author:         Intel Corporation, <linux.nics@intel.com>
srcversion:     8D9E9AFD67E40CA48E61582
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015D6sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015E3sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015D8sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015D7sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015B9sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015B8sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015B7sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001570sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000156Fsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015A3sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015A2sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015A1sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000015A0sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001559sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000155Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000153Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000153Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001503sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001502sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010F0sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010EFsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010EBsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010EAsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001525sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010DFsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010DEsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010CEsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010CDsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010CCsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010CBsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010F5sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010BFsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010E5sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000294Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010BDsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010C3sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010C2sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010C0sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001501sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001049sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000104Dsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000104Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000104Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010C4sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010C5sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000104Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010BBsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001098sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010BAsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001096sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000150Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010F6sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010D3sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000109Asv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000108Csv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000108Bsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000107Fsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000107Esv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000107Dsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010B9sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010D5sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010DAsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010D9sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d00001060sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010A5sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010BCsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d000010A4sv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000105Fsv*sd*bc*sc*i*
alias:          pci:v00008086d0000105Esv*sd*bc*sc*i*
depends:        ptp
intree:         Y
vermagic:       4.4.0-59-generic SMP mod_unload modversions
parm:           debug:Debug level (0=none,...,16=all) (int)
parm:           copybreak:Maximum size of packet that is copied to a new buffer on receive (uint)
parm:           TxIntDelay:Transmit Interrupt Delay (array of int)
parm:           TxAbsIntDelay:Transmit Absolute Interrupt Delay (array of int)
parm:           RxIntDelay:Receive Interrupt Delay (array of int)
parm:           RxAbsIntDelay:Receive Absolute Interrupt Delay (array of int)
parm:           InterruptThrottleRate:Interrupt Throttling Rate (array of int)
parm:           IntMode:Interrupt Mode (array of int)
parm:           SmartPowerDownEnable:Enable PHY smart power down (array of int)
parm:           KumeranLockLoss:Enable Kumeran lock loss workaround (array of int)
parm:           WriteProtectNVM:Write-protect NVM [WARNING: disabling this can lead to corrupted NVM] (array of int)
parm:           CrcStripping:Enable CRC Stripping, disable if your BMC needs the CRC (array of int)


Method 3:

Using following command to find list of installed drivers.

ls -l /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/

Example:

ram@linuxforfreshers.com#ls  /lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/ | tail -10
usb
uwb
vfio
vhost
video
virtio
vme
w1
watchdog
xen

What is the standard directory for driver files are stored?

Using following command u can get standard Directory for Driver files are stored.

echo "Kernel drivers dir: \"/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/\" \ for Linux kernel version \"$(uname -r)\" "

Example:

ram@linuxforfreshers.com#echo "Kernel drivers dir: \"/lib/modules/$(uname -r)/kernel/drivers/\" \ for Linux kernel version \"$(uname -r)\" "
Kernel drivers dir: "/lib/modules/4.4.0-59-generic/kernel/drivers/" \ for Linux kernel version "4.4.0-59-generic"